职业行为准则

规则1.0:术语

(a) “Belief” or “believes” denotes that the person involved actually supposed the fact in question to be true. A person’s belief may be inferred from circumstances.
     (b)“咨询”或“咨询”系指沟通的信息合理充足，足以使客户认识到所涉事项的重要性.
     (c) “Firm” or “law firm” denotes a lawyer or lawyers in a law partnership, 专业公司, sole proprietorship or other association authorized to practice law; or lawyers employed in a legal services organization or the legal department of a corporation or other organization, but does not include a government agency or other government entity. 参见注释，规则1.10.
     (d)“欺诈”或“欺诈”是指根据适用司法管辖区的实体法或程序法属于欺诈的行为，并且具有欺骗目的.
     (e)“知情同意”是指在澳博app就所建议的行为方式的重大风险和合理可行的替代方案传达了充分的信息和解释之后，当事人同意所建议的行为方式.
     (f) “Knowingly,” “known,” or “knows” denotes actual knowledge of the fact in question. A person’s knowledge may be inferred from circumstances.
     (g)“法律书记员”指人, 通常是刚从法学院毕业的学生, 他的行为, 通常是一段有限的时间, as confidential assistant to a judge or judges of a court; to an administrative law judge or a similar administrative hearing officer; or to the head of a governmental agency or to a member of a governmental commission, either of which has authority to adjudicate or to promulgate rules or regulations of general 应用程序.
     (h)“事项”指任何诉讼, 行政诉讼, 游说活动, 应用程序, 索赔, 调查, 逮捕, 控告或控告, 合同的起草, 谈判, estate or family relations practice issue, 或任何其他表现形式, except as expressly limited in a particular rule.
     (i) “Partner” denotes a member of a partnership, a shareholder in a law firm organized as a 专业公司 or professional limited liability company, or a member of an association authorized to practice law.
     (j)“合理的”或“合理的”用于澳博app的行为时，指的是一名合理谨慎和有能力的澳博app的行为.
     (k)“合理地应当知道”用于指澳博app时，表示一名具有合理审慎和能力的澳博app将查明有关事项.
     (l)“筛选”系指在澳博app事务所内及时实施的程序，在合理的情况下足以保护澳博app根据本规则或其他法律有义务保护的信息，从而将澳博app与任何参与事项隔离开来.
     (m) “Substantial” when used in reference to degree or extent denotes a material matter of clear and weighty importance.
     (n)“法庭”指法院, an arbitrator in a binding arbitration proceeding, 或者立法机构, 行政机构, or other body acting in an adjudicative capacity. 立法机构, 行政机构 or other body acts in an adjudicative capacity when a neutral official, after the presentation of evidence or legal argument by a party or parties, will render a binding legal judgment directly affecting a party’s interests in a particular matter.
     (o) “Writing” or “written” denotes a tangible or electronic record of a communication or representation, 包括手写, 打字, 印刷, 照片说明, 摄影, 录音或录像, 和电子邮件. A “signed” writing includes an electronic sound, 附在文字上或逻辑上与之相关的符号或过程，由意图在文字上签名的人执行或采用.

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“欺诈”或“欺诈”
     [1]在本规则中使用, “欺诈”或“欺诈”一词是指根据适用司法管辖区的实体法或程序法被定性为欺诈并具有欺骗目的的行为. This does not include merely negligent misrepresentation or negligent failure to apprise another of relevant information. 就本规则而言, it is not necessary that anyone has suffered damages or relied on the misrepresentation or failure to inform.

“知情同意”
     [2] Many of the 职业行为准则 require the lawyer to obtain the informed consent of a client or other person (e.g., 以前的客户或, 在某些情况下, a prospective client) before accepting or continuing representation or pursuing a course of conduct. 看,e.g.规则1.2(c), 1.6(e)和1.7(c)(1). 获得这种同意所需的来文将根据所涉规则和需要获得知情同意的情况而有所不同. 澳博app必须作出合理的努力，确保委托人或其他人拥有足够的信息，以便作出明智的决定. 通常, this will require communication that includes a disclosure of the facts and circumstances giving rise to the situation, 任何合理必要的解释，以告知客户或其他人建议的行为过程的重大利弊，并讨论客户或其他人的选择和替代方案. In some circumstances it may be appropriate for a lawyer to advise a client or other person to seek the advice of other counsel. A lawyer need not inform a client or other person of facts or implications already known to the client or other person; nevertheless, 澳博app如果没有亲自通知委托人或其他人，就要承担委托人或其他人不充分了解情况和同意无效的风险. In determining whether the information and explanation provided are reasonably adequate, 相关因素包括客户或其他人是否在一般法律事务和作出所涉类型的决定方面经验丰富, and whether the client or other person is independently represented by other counsel in giving the consent. 正常情况下, such persons need less information and explanation than others, 一般来说，由其他澳博app独立代表的客户或其他人在给予同意时应被视为已给予知情同意. 在任何情况下, the client’s consent must be not only informed but also uncoerced by the lawyer or by any other person acting on the lawyer’s behalf.
     [3] Obtaining informed consent will usually require an affirmative response by the client or other person. In general, a lawyer may not assume consent from a client’s or other person’s silence. 可以推断同意, 然而, from the conduct of a client or other person who has reasonably adequate information about the matter. A number of 规则 require that a person’s consent be in writing. 见规则1.8(a)(3)和1.8(g). For a definition of “writing,” see 规则1.0(o).

“筛选”
     [4]本定义适用于以下情况:根据规则1，允许对个人不合格的澳博app进行筛选，以消除利益冲突的归责.11, 1.12 or 1.18.
     [5]筛选的目的是向受影响的当事人保证，被取消资格的澳博app个人知道的机密信息仍然受到保护. 被个人取消资格的澳博app应承认有义务不与事务所内任何其他澳博app就此事进行沟通. 类似的, 应该通知事务所内其他处理此事的澳博app，筛选已经到位，他们不得就此事与被取消资格的澳博app进行个人沟通. Additional screening measures that are appropriate for the particular matter will depend upon the circumstances. 来实现, reinforce and remind all affected lawyers of the presence of the screening, 由被筛选的澳博app作出书面承诺，以避免与事务所其他人员进行任何沟通，避免接触与该事项有关的任何事务所文件或其他材料，这可能是合适的, 书面通知和指示所有其他公司人员禁止与被筛选的澳博app就此事进行任何沟通, 拒绝被筛选的澳博app查阅与该事项有关的律所档案或其他材料，并定期提醒被筛选的澳博app和律所所有其他人员进行筛选. For a further explanation of screening, see D.C. 澳博app协会法律道德委员会意见.
     [6]为了有效, 在澳博app或澳博app事务所知道或合理地应该知道有必要进行筛选之后，必须尽快实施筛选措施.